Cost of Capital Solved Problems Financial Management notes RBL Academy - cost of capital, WACC, Weighted Average Cost of Capital formula, cost of Debt, Cost of Equity, Cost of Preference Shares, irredeemable Preference Share, Irredeemable debt notes numerical problems with solutions

Links to Financial Management notes: -

Time Value of Money

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/06/time-value-of-money-formulae-financial.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/06/time-value-of-money-part-i-solved.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/06/time-value-of-money-part-2-solved.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/06/time-value-of-money-part-3-solved.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/05/time-value-of-money-i-financial.html

Leverage Analysis

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/08/financial-management-notes-leverage.html

Cost of Capital

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/08/cost-of-capital-solved-problems.html

EBIT – EPS Analysis

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/08/ebit-eps-analysis-financial-break-even.html

Capital Structure Analysis

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2022/02/capital-structure-theories-solved.html

Planning & Designing of Capital Structure

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2022/03/planning-designing-of-capital-structure.html

Estimation of Cash Flow in Capital Budgeting

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/06/part-1-estimation-of-cash-flow-in.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/06/part-2-estimation-of-cash-flow-in.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/06/part-3-estimation-of-cash-flow-in.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2022/03/estimation-of-cash-flow-in-capital.html

Techniques of Capital Budgeting

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/05/techniques-of-capital-budgeting.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/05/capital-budgeting-i-httprblacademycom.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/05/financial-management-capital-budgeting.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/06/techniques-of-capital-budgeting-solved_2.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/06/techniques-of-capital-budgeting-solved_14.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/06/techniques-of-capital-budgeting-solved.html

Cost of Capital

Net Proceed (NP) = Face Value or Par Value – 

Floatation Cost + Premium on issue – Discount on 

issue

Net Proceed = Market Value – Floatation Cost + 

Premium on issue – Discount on issue

PD = Preference Dividend

RV = Redeemable Value

Cost of Equity Share (K_e) =

# 1. Zero Growth Dividend

K_e = D₁ / P₀

# 2. Constant Growth rate in Dividend perpetually

K_e = (D₁ /P₀) + g

P₀ = D₁ / (K_e – g)

D₁ = D₀ (1+ g)

D₁ = Expected Dividend

D₀ = Current Dividend

g = Growth rate

P₀ = Current Market Price

CAPM Model

K_e = R_f + (R_m - R_f) × ß

R_f = Risk free rate

Rm = market return

ß = Beta

Cost of Loan (K_L) = I (1- t )

Book Based WACC (K₀) = (E/V) × K_e + (D/V) × K_d + (P.S./V) × K_P + (L/V) × K_L +(R&S/V) × K_e + (R.E./V) × K_e

Market Based WACC (K₀) = (E/V) × K_e + (D/V) × K_d + (P.S./V) × K_P + (L/V) × K_L

Book Value of Firm = E + D + P.S + L + R.E. + R&S

Market Value of Firm = E + D + P.S + L

E= Value of Equity

D = Value of Debt

P.S. = Value of Preference Share

L = Value of Loan

R.E. = Value of Retained Earnings

R & S = Value of Reserve & Surplus

V= Value of Firm

While calculating WACC based on Market value, Reserve & Surplus and Retained earnings are not considered as it is absorbed in market value of equity share. Alternatively we can divide market value of Equity shares in the ratio of book value of Equity Share and Reserve & Surplus / Retained Earnings and then include Market value of Reserve & Surplus / Retained earnings while calculating WACC based on Market value.(Refer question 16)

Cost of Capital Solved Problems

1. ABC Ltd. issues 13 % debentures of face value of Rs. 100 each, redeemable at the end of 10 years. The debentures are issued at par and the flotation cost is estimated to be 5 %. Find out the cost of capital of debentures given that the firm has 40% tax rate.

Solution

After tax Cost of redeemable Debenture (K_d) = 

RV = Redeemable Value

NP = Net proceed = Face Value – Floatation Cost

= Rs 100 – Rs. 5 = Rs. 95

I = Interest amount = 13% of Rs.100 = Rs.13

n = Maturity Period of Debenture or Bond

2. ABC Ltd. issues 12% Preference shares of face value of Rs. 100 each at a flotation cost of 4%. Find out the cost of capital of preference share if (i) the preference shares are irredeemable, and (i) if the preference shares are redeemable after 10 years at a premium of 10%.

Solution

PD = Preference Dividend = 12% of Rs. 100 = Rs.12

RV = Redeemable Value = FV + Premium on redemption = Rs.100 + Rs. 10 = Rs. 110

NP = Face Value / Par Value + Premium on issue – Floatation Cost = 100 + 0 – 4 = Rs. 96

n= Maturity Period =10 years

3. ABC Ltd. has just declared and paid a dividend at the rate of 20 % on the equity share of Rs. 100 each. The expected future growth rate in dividends is 15%. Find out the cost of capital of equity shares given that the present market value of the share is Rs. 170.

Solution

Cost of Equity (K_e) = (D₁ / P_o) + g

=  + 0.15 = 28.53 % = 0.2853

D₁ = D₀ × (1 + g) = Expected Dividend

D₀ = Current Dividend = 20 % of Rs.100 = Rs. 20

g = Growth rate = 15% = .15

P₀ = Current Market Price = Rs.170

4. The share of ABC Ltd. is presently traded at Rs. 60 and the company is expected to pay dividends of Rs. 4 per share with a growth rate expected at 10% per annum. It plans to raise fresh equity share capital. The merchant banker has suggested that an underpricing of Rs. 2 is necessary in pricing the new issue besides involving a cost of Re 1 per share on miscellaneous expenses. Find out the cost of existing equity shares as well as the new equity given that the dividend rate and growth rate are not expected to change.

Solution

Cost of existing Equity (K_e) = (D₁ / P_o) + g

Cost of new Equity (K_e) = (D₁ / P_o) + g

Net Proceed (NP) = MP (P₀) – Underpricing – Miscellaneous expenses = Rs. 60 – Rs. 2 – Re 1 = Rs.57

 5.Assuming that the firm pays tax at a 30% rate, compute the after tax cost of capital in the following cases:

(a) A 13.5% preference shares sold at par.

(b) A perpetual bond sold at par, coupon rate being 12.5%.

(c) A ten year 9 % Rs. 1,000 per bond sold at 950.

(d) A common share selling at a market price of Rs. 120 and paying a current dividend of Rs. 10 per share which is expected to grow at a rate of 10 %.

(e) 15 %.Preference Shares of Rs. 100 each, issued at 10 % premium, redeemable at par after 6 years. Flotation cost is Rs. 12 and Dividend Distribution Tax is 20 %. Use both methods.

(f) 12% Debentures of face value of Rs. 1000 each redeemable at par after 5 years, flotation cost being 5%. Use both methods given the tax rate @30%.

Solution

(a) A 13.5% preference shares sold at par.

After tax Cost of Preference Share (K_p) = 13.5 % = 0.135

(b) A perpetual bond sold at par, coupon rate being 12.5%.

After tax Cost of Perpetual Bond (K_d) = Interest rate × (1 – tax rate)

= 12.5 % × (1-0.3) = 0.0875 = 8.75 %

(c) A ten year 9 % Rs. 1,000 per bond sold at 950.

After tax Cost of redeemable Debenture = 

  = (63 + 5) / 975 = 6.97 % = 0.0697

RV = Redeemable Value

NP = Net proceed

I = Interest amount

n = Maturity Period of Debenture / Bond

(d) A common share selling at a market price of Rs. 120 and paying a current dividend of Rs. 10 per share which is expected to grow at a rate of 10 %.

Cost of Equity (K_e) = (D₁ / P_o) + g

=

D₁ = D₀ × (1 + g) = Expected Dividend

D₀ = Current Dividend

g = Growth rate

P₀ = Current Market Price

(e) 15 %.Preference Shares of Rs. 100 each, issued at 10 % premium, redeemable at par after 6 years. Flotation cost is Rs. 12 and Dividend Distribution Tax is 20 %. Use both methods.

After tax Cost of Preference Share K_p = 

PD = Preference Dividend = 15

DDT = Dividend Distribution Tax = 20 % of PD = Rs. 3

RV = Redeemable Value = Rs.100

NP = Face Value / Par Value + Premium on issue – Floatation Cost = 100 + 10 – 12 = Rs. 98

n= Maturity Period = 6 years

Second Method: Using Interpolation Method:

NP = PD including DDT × PVAF _{Kp, 6} + RV × PVF_{Kp, 6}

Considering K_P at 18 %

= 18 × 3.498 + 100 × 0.37 = Rs. 99.964

Considering K_P at 19 %

= 18 × 3.410 + 100 × 0.352 = Rs. 96.58

Now using Interpolation Formula-

(f) 13% Debentures of face value of Rs. 1000 each redeemable at par after 5 years, flotation cost being 5%. Use both methods given the tax rate @30%.

After tax Cost of redeemable Debenture =  

 = 10.36 % = 0.1036

Second Method: Using Interpolation Method:

NP = Interest amount after tax × PVAF _{Kd, 5} + RV × PVF _{Kd, 5}

Considering K_P at 10 %

= 130 × (1- 0.3) × 3.791 + 1,000 × 0.621 = Rs. 965.98

Considering K_P at 11 %

= 130 (1-0.3) × 3.696 + 1,000 × 0.593 = Rs. 929.34

Now using Interpolation Formula-

 = 10.44 % = .1044

6. RBL Company has the following capital structure on 1 July, 2021

	Number/ Units	Amount (Rs.)
Equity Shares	40,000	8,00,000
11% Preference Shares		2,00,000
12 % Debentures		6,00,000
Total		16,00,000

The share of a company currently sells for Rs. 25. It is expected that the company will pay a dividend of Rs. 2 per share which will grow at 7 % forever. Assume a 40 per cent tax rate; you are required to compute weighted average cost of capital on existing capital structure.

Solution

D₁ = Expected Dividend

P₀ = Market Price of Equity Share

g = Growth rate

I = Interest rate on Debenture

E = Value of Equity Share

D = Value of Debenture

P = Value of Preference Share

V = Value of Firm = E + D + P

Cost of Equity (K_e) = (D₁ / P₀) + g = 2/25 + .07 = 0.15 = 15 %

Post Tax Cost of Debt (K_d) = I × (1 - t) = 0.12 × (1-0.4) = 0.072 = 7.2%

Cost of Preference Share (K_p) = 0.11 = 11 %

= 0.075 + 0.027 + 0.01375 = 0.1158 = 11.58%

7. RBL company's share is quoted in the market at Rs. 20 currently. The company has paid dividend of Rs. 2 per share and the investor's market expects a growth rate of 10 percent per year. You are required to compute-

(I) The Company’s Equity Cost of Capital.

(II) If the company's cost of capital is 15 per cent and the anticipated growth rate is 10 per cent per annum, calculate market price if the dividend of Rs. 2 is to be paid at the end of one year.

Solution

I. Cost of Equity (K_e) = (D₁ / P_o) + g

=

D₁ = D₀ × (1 + g) = Expected Dividend

D₀ = Current Dividend = Rs. 2

g = Growth rate

P₀ = Current Market Price

II. Market Price of Share 

D₁ = Rs. 2 = Expected Dividend

8. Equity shares (Face value of Rs.10 each) of RBL Ltd. are being quoted at PE of 8 times. The retained earnings of the company are Rs. 6 at 40 %.

(I) find out the cost of equity, if the growth rate of the firm is 10%.

(II) Find out the indicated market price of the shares, given that

K_e remains as above and growth rate increases to 13%.

(III) If K_e of the firm is 16% and growth rate being 10%, then what is the indicated market price of the equity share?

Solution

I. Retention ratio = 0.4 = 40 % of EPS = Rs. 6

=> 0.4 EPS = Rs. 6

So, EPS = Rs. 6/0.4 = Rs. 15

Retained Earnings per Share = Rs. 6

EPS = Earnings per Share = E₀

MPS = Market Price per Share = P₀

PE ratio = MPS / EPS = P₀ / E₀

MPS = EPS × PE Ratio = Rs. 15 × 8 = Rs. 120

Dividend Payout Ratio = 1 – retention ratio = 1- 0.4 = 0.6 = 60 %

Dividend Per Share (D₀) = 60 % of EPS = 0.6 × Rs. 15 = Rs. 9

Cost of Equity (K_e) = (D₁ / P_o) + g

 = 18.25 % = 0.1825

D₁ = D₀ × (1 + g) = Expected Dividend

D₀ = Current Dividend = Rs. 9

g = Growth rate

P₀ = Current Market Price

II. Market Price of Share (P_o)

9. Shares of XYZ Ltd. are currently selling at Rs. 170 each. The company has been regularly paying dividends for last several years as follows:

Years	Amount
1	12.00
2	12.72
3	13.48
4	14.29
5	15.15
6	16.07

Find out the growth rate of the company, given that the company follows a policy of fixed DP Ratio. Also find out the cost of equity of the company.

Solution

Cumulative Growth rate for 5 years = 16.07 /12.00 = 1.339

In FVF table, the value nearest to 1.339 for 5 years is 1.338 at 6 % rate. So annual growth rate = 6 %

Second way to calculate growth rate in this case is calculating percentage increase in amount year on year since company follows a policy of fixed DP Ratio; hence growth rate will be same Year over Year

Years	Amount	%age Change
1	12.00	-------
2	12.72	(12.72 – 12) /12 = 0.06 or 6 %
3	13.48	(13.48 - 12.72 ) /12.72 = 0.06 or 6 %
4	14.29	(14.29 – 13.48) /13.48 = 0.06 or 6 %
5	15.15	(15.15 – 14.29) /14.29 = 0.06 or 6 %
6	16.07	(16.07 – 15.15) /15.15 = 0.06 or 6 %

Cost of Equity (K_e) = (D₁ / P_o) + g

D₀ = Dividend paid in 6^th year (since 6^th year is current year in which share is trading at Rs. 170)

10. The following figures are taken from the current balance sheet of Diwakar & Co.

Particulars	Amount (Rs.)
Share Capital of Rs. 10 each	8,00,000
Share / Security Premium	2,00,000
Reserves	6,00,000
Shareholders’ Funds	16,00,000
14 % Perpetual Debentures of Rs. 100 each	4,00,000

An annual ordinary dividend of Rs. 3 per share has just been paid. In the past, ordinary dividends have grown at a rate of 10 per cent per annum and this rate of growth is expected to continue. Annual interest has recently been paid on the debentures. The ordinary shares are currently quoted at Rs. 30 and the debentures at 80 per cent Ignore taxation. You are required to estimate the weighted average cost of capital (based on market values) for Diwakar & Co.

Solution

D₀ = Current Dividend paid = Rs. 3

Cost of Equity (K_e) = (D₁ / P_o) + g

= 

Cost of Perpetual Debentures = Interest / NP or MP

= 14/80 = 0.175 = 17.5%

NP = Net Proceed

MP = Market Price of Debenture

Market Value of Equity Share (E) = Market Price per Share × no. of Equity Shares = Rs. 30 × Rs. 8,00,000 / 10 = Rs. 24,00,000.

Market Value of Perpetual Debenture (D) = Market Price per Debenture × no. of Debentures = Rs. 80 × Rs. 4,00,000 / 100 = Rs. 3,20,000.

Market Value of Firm (V) = Market Value of Equity Share + Market Value of Perpetual Debenture = Rs. 24,00,000 + Rs. 3,20,000 = Rs. 27,20,000

WACC (based on market values) = (E/V) × K_e + (D/V) × K_d

= (24,00,000 / 27,20,000) × 0.21 + (3,20,000 / 27,20,000) × 0.175 = 0.185 + 0.021 = 0.206 = 20.6 %

11. The following information has been extracted from the balance sheet of RBL Ltd.

Particulars	Amount (Rs.)
Share Capital	5,00,00,000
12% Debentures	5,00,00,000
18% Term loan	12,00,00,000
Total	22,00,00,000

(a) Determine the weighted average cost of capital of the company. It had been paying dividends at a consistent rate of 20% per annum. Shares and Debentures are being traded at par. Tax rate is 40%.

(b) What difference will it make if the current price of share (Face Value Rs.100) is Rs. 170?

Solution

a. Cost of Debenture (K_d) = I (1- t)

= 12% × (1-0.4) = 7.2% = 0.072

Cost of Term Loan (K_L) = I (1-t)

=18% × (1-0.4) = 10.8% = 0.108

Cost of equity (K_e) = Dividend / NP or P₀ = 20 / 100 = 0.2

(Assuming Par value of Equity share to be Rs. 100; Dividend = 20 % of Face value = 20 % of Rs. 100)

Note: Since Market Price of Share and growth rate is not given and there is no premium or discount on issue of share and also no floatation cost is mentioned in the question, hence face value / Par value has been considered as Net proceed or Market Price of equity Share.

WACC = (E/V) × K_e + (D/V) × K_d + (TL / V) × K_L

= (5,00,00,000 / 22,00,00,000) × 0.2 + (5,00,00,000 / 22,00,00,000) × 0.072 + (12,00,00,000 / 22,00,00,000) × 0.108

=0.045 + 0.0163 +0.0589 = 0.1202 = 12.02%

b. Cost of equity (K_e) = Dividend / P₀ = 20 / 170 = 0.1176

Cost of Term Loan (K_L) and Cost of Debenture (K_d) will remain same.

WACC (based on Book Value of company) = (E/V) × K_e + (D/V) × K_d + (TL / V) × K_L

= (5,00,00,000 / 22,00,00,000) × 0.1176 + (5,00,00,000 / 22,00,00,000) × 0.072 + (12,00,00,000 / 22,00,00,000) × 0.108

=0.027 + 0.0163 +0.0589 = 0.102 = 10.2%

12. The following information is available from the Balance Sheet of a Company:

Particulars	Amount (Rs.)
Share Capital- 20,000 shares of Rs. 10 each	2,00,000
Reserve & Surplus	1,40,000
8 % Debentures	1,60,000

The rate of tax for the company is 50%. Current level of Equity Dividend is 15%. Calculate the weighted average cost of capital using the above figures.

Solution

	Book Value	Weight	After Tax Cost	Weighted Cost = Weight × After Tax Cost
Equity Share Capital	2,00,000	2,00,000/5,00,000 = 0.4	.15	0.06
Reserve & Surplus	1,40,000	1,40,000/5,00,000 = 0.28	.15	0.042
8 % Debentures	1,60,000	1,60,000/5,00,000 = 0.32	0.08 × (1-0.5) =0.04	0.0128
Total Value of Firm	4,00,000	WACC based on Book Value  =           ∑ Weighted Cost= 0.06 +  0.042 + 0.0128  = 0.1148

 

13. In considering the most desirable capital structure for a company, the following estimates of the cost of debt capital (after tax) have been made at various levels of debt-equity mix:

Debt as percentage of Total Capital Employed	Cost of Debt (Kd) %	Cost of Equity (Ke )%
0	7.0	20.0
10	7.0	20.0
20	7.0	20.5
30	7.5	21.0
40	8.0	22.0
50	8.5	25.0
60	9.5	27.0

You are required to find out the weighted average cost of capital of the firm for different proportions of debt and optimal capital structure.

Solution

Debt %	Kd	Equity %	Ke	WACC = (Debt % × Kd) +( Equity %× Ke)
0	7.0	100	20.0	20%
10	7.0	90	20.0	18.7%
20	7.0	80	20.5	17.8%
30	7.5	70	21.0	16.95%
40	8.0	60	22.0	16.4%
50	8.5	50	25.0	16.75%
60	9.5	40	27.0	16.5%

Since WACC is lowest with 40 % debt and 60 % equity. Hence, optimal capital Structure will be capital mix of 40:60 Debt- equity ratio.

Since value of debt and equity is given in percentage, there is no need to calculate weight of Debt and equity for WACC calculation as it will remain same. Since value of firm will be 100 % and if we divide debt % with firm value percentage or equity % with firm value percentage, result will remain same.

14. A company with net operating income of Rs. 3, 00,000 is attempting to evaluate a number of possible capital structures, given below. Which of the capital structure will you recommend and why?

Capital Structure	Debt in Capital Structure (Rs.)	Kd (Cost of Debt)	Ke (Cost of Equity)
1	1,00,000	10.0	12.0
2	2,00,000	10.0	12.0
3	3,00,000	10.0	12.0
4	4,00,000	10.0	12.5
5	5,00,000	11.0	13.5
6	6,00,000	12.0	15.0
7	7,00,000	14.0	18.0

Solution

Capital Structure	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
EBIT	3,00,000	3,00,000	3,00,000	3,00,000	3,00,000	3,00,000	3,00,000
Less: Interest	(10,000)	(20,000)	(30,000)	(40,000)	(55,000)	(72,000)	(98,000)
EBT / PAT	2,90,000	2,80,000	2,70,000	2,60,000	2,45,000	2,28,000	2,02,000
Ke	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.5	13.5	15.0	18.0
Value of Equity	24,16,667	23,33,333	22,50,000	20,80,000	18,14,815	15,20,000	11,22,222
Value of Debt	1,00,000	2,00,000	3,00,000	4,00,000	5,00,000	6,00,000	7,00,000
Value of Firm	25,16,667	25,33,333	25,50,000	24,80,000	23,14,815	21,20,000	18,22,220

 

Value of Equity = PAT / K_e

Value of Firm = Value of Debt + Value of Equity

Since, Value of Firm is highest for third Capital structure; hence third capital structure should be selected by company.

15. POR & Co. has the following capital structure as on Dec. 31.

Particulars	Amount (Rs.)
Share Capital- 5,000 shares of Rs. 100 each	5,00,000
9 % Preference Shares	2,00,000
10 % Debentures	3,00,000

The equity shares of the company are quoted at Rs. 110 and the company is expected to declare a dividend of Rs. 10 per share for the next year. The company has registered a dividend growth rate of 5% which is expected to be maintained.

 (I) Assuming the tax rate applicable to the company at 40%, calculate the weighted average cost of capital, and

(II) Assuming that the company can raise additional term loan at 12% for Rs. 10,00,000 to finance its expansion, calculate the revised WACC. The company's expectation is that the business risk associated with new financing may bring down the market price from Rs. 110 to Rs. 90 per share.

Solution

I. Cost of Equity (K_e) = (D₁ / P_o) + g

Post TaxCost of Debenture (K_d) = I × (1-t) = 0.1 × (1-0.4) =0.06 = 6 %

Cost of Preference Share (K_p) = 0.09 = 9%

	Book Value	Weight	After Tax Cost	Weighted Cost = Weight × After Tax Cost
Equity Share Capital	5,00,000	5,00,000/10,00,000 = 0.5	.141	0.0705
9 % Preference Shares	2,00,000	2,00,000/10,00,000 = 0.20	.09	0.018
10 % Debentures	3,00,000	3,00,000/10,00,000 = 0.30	.06	0.018
Total Value of Firm	20,00,000	WACC based on Book Value  =           ∑ Weighted Cost= 0.0705 +  0.018 + 0.018  = 0.1065 = 10.65%

II. Cost of Term Loan (K_l) = I × (1- t) = .12 × .6 = 0.072 = 7.2%

Cost of Equity (K_e) = (D₁ / P_o) + g

	Book Value	Weight	After Tax Cost	Weighted Cost = Weight × After Tax Cost
Equity Share Capital	5,00,000	5,00,000/20,00,000 = 0.25	.1611	0.0403
9 % Preference Shares	2,00,000	2,00,000/20,00,000 = 0.10	.09	0.018
10 % Debentures	3,00,000	3,00,000/20,00,000 = 0.15	.06	0.018
12 % Term Loan	10,00,000	10,00,000/20,00,000 = 0.5	0.072	0.036
Total Value of Firm	10,00,000	WACC based on Book Value  =           ∑ Weighted Cost= 0.0403 +  0.018 + 0.018  + 0.036= 0.1123 = 11.23%

 

16. International Foods Limited has the following capital structure:

Particulars	Book Value (Rs.)	Market Value (Rs)
Share Capital- 25,000 shares of Rs. 10 each	2,50,000	4,50,000
13% Preference Capital (500 shares of Rs. 100 each)	50,000	45,000
Reserves and Surplus	1,50,000	----------
12 % Debentures (1500 debentures of 100 each)	1,50,000	1,20,000
Total	6,00,000	6,15,000

The expected dividend per share is Rs.2 and the dividend per share is expected to grow at a rate of 10 percent forever. Preference shares are redeemable after 5 years at par whereas debentures are redeemable after 10 years at 10 % premium. The tax rate for the company is 30 per cent. You are required to compute the weighted average cost of capital for the existing capital structure using market value as weights.

Solution

Cost of Equity (K_e) = (D₁ / P_o) + g

 0.2111 = 21.11 %

D₁ = Expected Dividend

g = Growth rate

P₀ = Current Market Price

P₀ = Market Value (MV) of Equity / Total no. of Equity Shares = Rs. 4,50,000 / 25,000 = Rs. 18

After tax Cost of Preference Share K_p = 

PD = Preference Dividend = 13

RV = Redeemable Value = Rs.100

MP = Market Price

n= Maturity Period = 5 years

MP = Market Value of Pref. Share / Total no. of Pref. Shares

= Rs. 45,000 / 500 = Rs. 90

After tax Cost of redeemable Debenture = 

RV = Redeemable Value = Par value + Premium on redemption = Rs. 100 + 10 % of Rs. 100 = Rs. 110

I = Interest amount

n = Maturity Period of Debenture / Bond = 10 years

MP = Market Price

MP = Market Value of Debentures / Total no. of Debentures

= Rs. 1,20,000 / 1,500 = Rs. 80

	Market Value (Rs)	Weight	After Tax Cost	Weighted Cost = Weight × After Tax Cost
Share Capital	4,50,000	4,50,000/6,15,000 = 0.732	0.2111	0.1545
13% Preference Capital	45,000	45,000/6,15,000 = 0.0732	.1579	0.0116
Reserves and Surplus	________	__________	___	____
12 % Debentures	1,20,000	1,20,000/6,15,000 = 0.1951	0.12	0.0234
Total	6,15,000	WACC based on Market Value  =           ∑ Weighted Cost= 0.1545 + 0.0116+ 0.0234 = 0.1895 = 18.95%

 

Note: While calculating WACC based on Market value, Reserve & Surplus and Retained earnings are not considered as it is absorbed in market value of equity share. Alternatively we can divide market value of Equity shares in the ratio of book value of Equity Share and Reserve & Surplus and then include Market value of Reserve & Surplus while calculating WACC based on Market value. In this case,

Cost of Reserve & Surplus (K_R&S) = Cost of Share Capital (K_e)

In this case Market value of Equity that is Rs. 4,50,000 can be divided into Equity Share & Reserve & Surplus in the ration of book value of Equity Share & Reserve & Surplus That is in the ratio of 2,50,000 : 1,50,000.

	Market Value (Rs)	Weight	After Tax Cost	Weighted Cost = Weight × After Tax Cost
Share Capital	2,81,250	2,81,250/6,15,000 = 0.4573	0.2111	0.0965
13% Preference Capital	45,000	45,000/6,15,000 = 0.0732	.1579	0.0116
Reserves and Surplus	1,68,750	1,68,750/6,15,000 = 0.2744	0.2111	0.058
12 % Debentures	1,20,000	1,20,000/6,15,000 = 0.1951	0.12	0.0234
Total	6,15,000	WACC based on Market Value  =           ∑ Weighted Cost= 0.0965 + 0.0116 + 0.058 + 0.0234 = 0.1895 = 18.95%

 

17. A Limited has the following capital structure:

Particulars	Amount (Rs.)
Share Capital- 2,00,000 shares of Rs. 20 each	40,00,000
6 % Preference Shares	10,00,000
8 % Debentures	30,00,000

The market price of the company's equity share is Rs. 30. It is expected that company will pay a dividend of Rs. 2 per share at the end of current year, which will grow at 10 per cent forever. The tax rate is 30 per cent. You are required to compute the following:

(a) A weighted average cost of capital based on existing capital structure.

(b) The new weighted average cost of capital if the company raises an additional Rs. 20,00,000 debt by issuing 12 % debentures. This would result in increasing the expected dividend to Rs. 3 and leave the growth rate unchanged but the price of share will fall to Rs. 20 per share.

(c) The cost of capital if in (b) above, growth rate increases to 12 percent.

Solution

a. Cost of Equity (K_e) = (D₁ / P_o) + g

D₁ = Expected Dividend

g = Growth rate

P₀ = Current Market Price

Post Tax Cost of Debenture (K_d) = Interest rate × (1 - t)

= 0.08 × (1 - 0.3) = 0.056 = 5.6%

Cost of Preference Share (K_P) = 6% = 0.06

	Book Value (Rs)	Weight	After Tax Cost	Weighted Cost = Weight × After Tax Cost
Share Capital	40,00,000	40,00,000 / 80,00,000 =0.5	0.1667	0.0834
6% Preference Capital	10,00,000	10,00,000 / 80,00,000 = 0.125	.06	.0075
8 % Debentures	30,00,000	30,00,000 / 80,00,000 =0.375	0.056	.0210
Total	80,00,000	WACC based on Book Value  =         ∑ Weighted Cost = 0.0834 + 0.0075 + 0.0210 = 0.1119 = 11.19 %

 

b. Cost of Equity (K_e) = (D₁ / P_o) + g

Post Tax Cost of 12 % Debentures (K_d) = Interest rate × (1 - t)

= 0.12 × (1 - 0.3) = 0.084 = 8.4 %

	Book Value (Rs)	Weight	After Tax Cost	Weighted Cost = Weight × After Tax Cost
Share Capital	40,00,000	40,00,000 / 1,00,00,000=0.4	0.25	0.1
6% Preference Capital	10,00,000	10,00,000 / 1,00,00,000= 0.1	.06	0.006
8 % Debentures	30,00,000	30,00,000 / 1,00,00,000=0.3	0.056	0.017
12 % Debentures	20,00,000	20,00,000 / 1,00,00,000 = 0.2	0.084	0.017
Total	1,00,00,000	WACC based on Book Value  =         ∑ Weighted Cost = 0.1 + 0.006 + 0.017 + 0.017 = 0.14 = 14 %

 

c. Cost of Equity (K_e) = (D₁ / P_o) + g

	Book Value (Rs)	Weight	After Tax Cost	Weighted Cost = Weight × After Tax Cost
Share Capital	40,00,000	40,00,000 / 1,00,00,000=0.4	0.27	0.108
6% Preference Capital	10,00,000	10,00,000 / 1,00,00,000= 0.1	.06	0.006
8 % Debentures	30,00,000	30,00,000 / 1,00,00,000=0.3	0.056	0.017
12 % Debentures	20,00,000	20,00,000 / 1,00,00,000 = 0.2	0.084	0.017
Total	1,00,00,000	WACC based on Book Value  =         ∑ Weighted Cost = 0.108 + 0.006 + 0.017 + 0.017 = 0.148 = 14.8 %

 

18. An electric equipment manufacturing company wishes to determine the weighted average cost of capital for evaluating capital budgeting projects. You have been supplied with the following information:

Liabilities	Amount (Rs.)	Assets	Amount (Rs.)
Equity share capital	12,00,000	Fixed Assets	25,00,000
Pref. share capital	4,50,000	Current Assets	15,00,000
Retained Earnings	4,50,000
Debentures	9,00,000
Current Liabilities	10,00,000
	40,00,000		40,00,000

Additional Information:

(a) 10 years 10% Debentures of 2,500 face value, redeemable at 5% premium can be sold at par. 2% Flotation costs.

(b) 12% Preference shares: Sale price Rs. 100 per share, 2% Flotation costs.

(c)  Equity shares: Sale price Rs. 120 per share, Flotation costs- Rs. 5 per share.

The corporate tax rate is 40% and the expected growth in equity dividend is 10 % per year. The expected dividend at the end of the current financial year is Rs.10 per share. Assume that the company is satisfied with its present capital structure and intends to maintain it.

Solution

Cost of Equity (K_e) = (D₁ / NP) + g

NP = Sales Price – Floatation Cost = Rs.120 – Rs.5 = Rs.115

After tax Cost of redeemable Debenture = 

RV = Face Value + 5 % Premium on redemption

= Rs. 2,500 + Rs.125 = Rs.2,625

NP = Face Value – Floatation cost = Rs.2500 – 2 % of Rs.2500 = Rs.2,450

Cost of Irredeemable Preference Share (K_p) = PD / NP

= 12/98 = 0.1224 = 12.24%

NP = NP = Face Value – Floatation cost = Rs. 100 – 2 = Rs.98

	Book Value (Rs)	Weight	After Tax Cost	Weighted Cost = Weight × After Tax Cost
Share Capital	12,00,000	12,00,000/30,00,000= 0.4	0.187	.0748
Retained Earnings	4,50,000	4,50,000/30,00,000 =.15	0.187	.0281
12% Preference Capital	4,50,000	4,50,000/30,00,000 =.15	0.1224	.0183
10 % Debentures	9,00,000	9,00,000/30,00,000 =0.3	0.076	.0228
Total	30,00,000	WACC based on Book Value  =         ∑ Weighted Cost =.0748+.0281+.0183+.0228= .1212 = 12.12%

 

19. The latest Balance Sheet of RBL Ltd. is given below:

Particulars	Amount (Rs.)
Share Capital- 50,000 shares of Rs. 10 each	5,00,000
Security Premium	1,00,000
Retained Profit	6,00,000
10 % Preference Shares – 16,000 shares	4,00,000
15 % Perpetual Debt – 6000 debentures	6,00,000

The ordinary shares are currently priced at Rs. 40 ex-dividend each and Rs.25 preference share is priced at Rs. 25 cum-dividend. The debentures are selling at 110 per cent ex-interest and tax is paid by RBL Ltd. at 40 per cent. RBL Ltd's cost of equity has been estimated at 20 per cent. Calculate the weighted average cost of capital (based on market value) WACC of D Ltd.

Solution

K_e = .20

Cost of Perpetual debt (K_d) =  

 =0.082

Cost of Irredeemable Preference Share (K_p) = PD / NP

= 2.5 / (25 – 2.5) = 0.1111

Note: Since Price of Preference share is including dividend that is cum dividend as given in the question, hence dividend has been subtracted from Market Price.

	Market Value (Rs)	Weight	After Tax Cost	Weighted Cost = Weight × After Tax Cost
Share Capital	40×50,000 = 20,00,000	0.6623	0.2	.1325
10% Preference Capital	22.5 × 16,000 =3,60,000	.1192	0.1111	.0132
15 % Debentures	110×6,000=6,60,000	.2185	0.082	.018
Total	30,20,000	WACC based on Market Value  = ∑ Weighted Cost =.1325+.0132+ .018 = .1637 =16.37%

 

20. Determine the weighted average cost of capital using (a) book value weights; and (b) market value weights based on the following information:

Book value structure	Amount (Rs.)
Share Capital- 1,00,000 shares of Rs. 10 each	10,00,000
Preference shares (2,000 Pref. Shares of Rs.100 each)	2,00,000
Debentures ( 8,000 units of Rs.100 each)	8,00,000
Total	20,00,000

Recent market prices of all these securities are: Debentures: Rs. 110 per Debenture; Preference shares: Rs. 120 per share and Equity shares: Rs. 22 per share. External financing opportunities are:

(i) Rs. 100 per Debenture redeemable at par, 10 year maturity, 13% coupon rate, 4% flotation cost and sale price Rs. 100;

(ii) Rs. 100 per Preference Share redeemable at par, 10 year maturity, 14% dividend rate, 5% flotation cost and sale price 100; and

(iii) Equity shares: Rs. 2 per share flotation costs and sale price Rs. 22.

Dividend expected on equity shares at the end of the year is Rs. 2 per share; anticipated growth rate in dividends is 7%. Company pays all its earnings in the form of dividends. Corporate tax rate is 30%.

Solution

a. Cost of Equity (K_e) = (D₁ / NP) + g

0.17 = 17 %

NP = Sales Price – Floatation Cost = Rs.22 – Rs.2 = Rs.20

After tax Cost of redeemable Debenture =

 

NP = Face Value – Floatation cost = Rs.100 – 4 % of Rs.100 = Rs. 96

After tax Cost of Preference Share K_p = 

=  

NP = Sales Price – Floatation Cost = Rs.100 – Rs.5 = Rs.95

	Book Value (Rs)	Weight	After Tax Cost	Weighted Cost = Weight × After Tax Cost
Share Capital	10,00,000	10,00,000/ 20,00,000 = 0.5	.17	0.085
14% Preference Capital	2,00,000	2,00,000/ 20,00,000 =.1	.149	0.0149
13 % Debentures	8,00,000	8,00,000/ 20,00,000 =.4	.097	0.0388
Total	20,00,000	WACC based on Book Value  = ∑ Weighted Cost =.085+.0149+.0388 =.1387 = 13.87%

b.

	Market Value (Rs)	Weight	After Tax Cost	Weighted Cost = Weight × After Tax Cost
Share Capital	22 × 1,00,000 =22,00,000	.6627	.17	.1127
10% Preference Capital	120 × 2,000 = 2,40,000	.0723	.149	.0108
15 % Debentures	110 × 8,000 = 8,80,000	.2650	.097	.0258
Total	33,20,000	WACC based on Market Value  = ∑ Weighted Cost =.1127+.0108+ .0258= .1493 =14.93%

 

21. The following information is provided in respect of the specific cost of capital of different sources along with the book value (BV) and market value (MV) weights.

Source	Cost of Capital (%)	Book Value	Market Value
Equity share capital	20	.5	.55
Preference shares	15	.2	.20
Debenture	10	.3	.25

(a) Calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital, WACC, using both the BV and the MV weights.

(b) Calculate the WMCC using marginal weights given that the company intends to raise additional funds using 50 % long term debts, 30% preference share and 20% by retaining profits.

Solution

Source	Cost of Capital (COC)	Book Value (BV)	Market Value (MV)	BV × COC	MV ×COC
Equity share capital	.20	.5	.55	.1	.11
Preference shares	.15	.2	.20	.03	.03
Debenture	.10	.3	.25	.03	.025
				WACC based on BV =.16 = 16%	WACC based on MV=.175 = 16.5%

 

Source	Cost of Capital (COC)	Weight	Weighted Cost = Weight × COC
Retained Earnings	.20	.2	.04
Preference shares	.15	.3	.045
Debenture	.10	.5	.05
	WMCC = ∑ Weighted Cost = .135=13.5%

 

22. X Ltd. has assets of Rs. 32,00,000 that have been financed by Rs. 18,00,000 of equity shares (of Rs. 100 each), General Reserve of Rs. 4,00,000 and Debt of Rs. 10,00,000. For the year ended 31-3-2021, the company's total profits before interest and taxes were Rs. 6, 50,000. X Ltd. pays 10 % interest on borrowed capital and is in a 30% tax bracket. The market value of equity as on 31-3-2021 was Rs.150 per share. What was the weighted average cost of capital? Use market values as weights.

Solution

Cost of debt (K_d) = Interest rate × (1 – t) = .1 ×.7 = .07 = 7 %

Cost of Equity (K_e) = PAT / MV of Equity

= 3,85,000 / 27,00,000 = 0.1426 = 14.26 %

PAT = (EBIT – Interest) × (1 – t) = (6,50,000 – 1,00,000) ×.7

= 3,85,000

MV of Equity Share = MP of Share × no. of Equity Shares

 = Rs.27,00,000

	Market Value (Rs)	Weight	After Tax Cost	Weighted Cost = Weight × After Tax Cost
Equity Share Capital	27,00,000	27,00,000/37,00,000 = .73	.1426	.1041
Debt	10,00,000	10,00,000/37,00,000 = .27	.07	.0189
Total	37,00,000	WACC based on Market Value  = ∑ Weighted Cost = .123 = 12.3%

 

23. The following is the capital structure of Simons Company Ltd-

Particulars	Amount (Rs.)
Share Capital- 10,000 shares of Rs. 100 each	10,00,000
12 % Preference Shares of Rs. 100 each	4,00,000
10 % Debentures	6,00,000

The market price of the company's share is Rs. 120 and it is expected that a dividend of Rs. 10 per share would be declared after 1 year. The dividend growth rate is 10%:

(i) If the company is in the 40% Tax bracket, compute weighted average cost of capital.

(ii) Assuming that in order to finance an expansion plan, the Company intends to borrow a fund of Rs.10 lacs bearing 12% rate of interest, what will be the company’s revised weighted average cost of capital? This financing is expected to increase dividend from Rs. 10 to Rs. 12 per share. However, the market price of equity share is expected to decline from Rs. 120 to Rs. 110 per share.

Solution

i. Cost of Equity (K_e) = (D₁ / MP) + g

Cost of Pref. Share (K_p) = 0.12

Cost of Debt (K_d) = I × (1 - t) = .1 × (1 – 0.4) = 0.06 = 6%

	Book Value (Rs)	Weight	After Tax Cost	Weighted Cost = Weight × After Tax Cost
Share Capital	10,00,000	10,00,000/ 20,00,000 = 0.5	.1833	0.092
12% Preference Capital	4,00,000	4,00,000/ 20,00,000 =.2	.12	0.024
10 % Debentures	6,00,000	6,00,000/ 20,00,000 =.3	.06	0.018
Total	20,00,000	WACC based on Book Value  = ∑ Weighted Cost = 0.092 + 0.024 + 0.018 = 0.116 = 11.6 %

 

ii. Cost of Equity (K_e) = (D₁ / MP) + g

Cost of Pref. Share (K_p) = 0.12

Cost of Debt (K_d) = I × (1 - t) = .1 × (1 – 0.4) = 0.06 = 6%

Cost of Loan / Borrowed Fund (K_L) = I × (1 - t) = .12 × (1 – 0.4) = 0.072 = 7.2%

	Book Value (Rs)	Weight	After Tax Cost	Weighted Cost = Weight × After Tax Cost
Share Capital	10,00,000	10,00,000/ 30,00,000 = 0.333	.2091	0.07
12% Preference Capital	4,00,000	4,00,000/ 30,00,000 =.1333	.12	0.016
10 % Debentures	6,00,000	6,00,000/ 30,00,000 =.2	.06	.012
12 % Borrowed Funds	10,00,000	10,00,000/ 30,00,000 = 0.333	.072	.024
Total	30,00,000	WACC based on Book Value  = ∑ Weighted Cost = 0.07+0.016+.012 + .024 = .122 = 12.2%

 

24. XYZ Ltd wishes to raise additional funds of Rs.10,00,000 to take up an investment proposal. Following information is provided:

Retained Earnings	2,50,000
Earnings Per share	5
Dividend Payout Ratio	60%
Expected Growth Rate	10%
Current Market Price of Share	30
Debt- Equity Mix	30%:70%
Cost of Debts (before tax): Funds up to Rs. 2,00,000 Funds More than 2,00,000	10% 12%
Tax Rate	40%

You are required to:

(i) Determine the pattern for raising additional funds.

(ii) Determine the Cost of Equity and Cost of Retained Earnings.

(iii) Determine the Required Rate of Return for the new Project.

Solution

i. Debt to be raised – 30 % = Rs. 3,00,000

Equity – 70% = Rs. 7,00,000

Retained Earnings (2,50,000)

Equity fund to be raised = Proportion of Equity amount – Retained Earnings

= Rs. 7,00,000 – Rs. 2,50,000 = Rs. 4,50,000

After tax Cost of Debt (K_d) = I × (1- t) = .12 × (1- 0.4) = .072 = 7.2%

ii. Cost of Equity (K_e) = Cost of Retained Earnings (K_RE)

= (D₁ / MP) + g

Current Dividend (D₀) = Rs. 3

Expected Dividend (D₁) = D₀ (1 + g) = Rs. 3 × 1.1 = Rs.3.3

Dividend Payout Ratio = 60 % of EPS = 60 % of Rs.5 = Rs. 3

iii.

	Book Value (Rs)	Weight	After Tax Cost	Weighted Cost = Weight × After Tax Cost
Share Capital including Retained Earnings	7,00,000	7,00,000/ 10,00,000 = 0.7	0.21	0.147
12 % Debentures	3,00,000	3,00,000/ 10,00,000 =.3	.072	0.0216
Total	10,00,000	WACC = ∑ Weighted Cost = 0.147+ 0.0216 = 0.1686 = 16.86 %

 25. ABC company has the following capital structure and is considered to be an optimum.

Particulars	Amount (Rs.)
Share Capital- 1,00,000 shares	16,00,000
15 % Preference Shares	1,00,000
20 % Debentures	3,00,000
	20,00,000

The company has paid a dividend of Rs. 4 with a growth rate of 10%. The company's share has a current market price of Rs. 20 per share. The expected dividend per share next year is 50% of the dividend for the current year. 20 % new debentures can be issued by the company. The company's debentures are currently selling at Rs. 98 per debenture. 15 % preference share can be sold at a net price of Rs. 9.5 (face value Rs. 10 each). The company's tax rate is 30%.

(a) Calculate after tax cost of (i) Debt, (ii) Preference share capital and (iii) Equity shares

(b) Also calculate Weighted Average Cost of Capital, WACC.

Solution

After tax cost of new Debt (K_d) =

After tax cost of Pref. Share (K_P) = 

= 1.5 / 9.5 = 0.158 = 15.8%

Cost of Equity (K_e) = (D₁ / MP) + g

D₁ = 50 % of D₀ = 50 % of Rs.4 = Rs. 2

	Book Value (Rs)	Weight	After Tax Cost	Weighted Cost = Weight × After Tax Cost
Share Capital	16,00,000	16,00,000/ 20,00,000 = 0.8	0.20	0.16
15 % Preference Shares	1,00,000	1,00,000/ 20,00,000 =.05	.158	0.008
20 % Debentures	3,00,000	3,00,000/ 20,00,000 =.15	.1429	.0214
	20,00,000	WACC based on Book Value  = ∑ Weighted Cost = 0.16 + 0.008 + .0214 = .1894 = 18.94 %

 

26. RBL & Co. wishes to find out its weighted marginal cost of capital, WMCC, based on target capital structure proportions. Using the data given below, find out the WMCC.

Source	Proportion	Range	Cost
Equity share capital	50%	Up to Rs. 3,00,000 3,00,000-7,50,000 7,50,000 and above	13.00% 13.5% 15.5%
Preference shares	10%	Up to 1,00,000 1,00,000 and above	10 % 11%
Long term debt	40%	Up to Rs. 4,00,000 4,00,000-8,00,000 8,00,000 and above	6 % 6.50% 7 %

Solution

Source	Prop.	Range	Cost	Breaking Points
E. Share	.5	Up to Rs. 3,00,000 3,00,000-7,50,000 7,50,000 and above	13.00% 13.5% 15.5%	3 L /.5=6 L 7.5 L /.5=15L--------------
P. Share	.1	Up to 1,00,000 1,00,000 and above	10 % 11%	1 L / .1 = 10 L --------------
L.T. Debt	.4	Up to Rs. 4,00,000 4,00,000-8,00,000 8,00,000 and above	6 % 6.50% 7 %	4 L / .4 = 10L 8 L / .4 = 20 L ---------------

 

Range	Source	Prop.	cost	Weighted Cost = Weight × After Tax Cost
Up to 6 L	E. Share P. Share L T Debt	.5 .1 .4	.13 .1 .06	.065 .01 .024 WMCC=.099
6 L – 10 L	E. Share P. Share L T Debt	.5 .1 .4	.135 .1 .06	.0675 .01 .024 WMCC=.1015
10 L – 15 L	E. Share P. Share L T Debt	.5 .1 .4	.135 .11 .065	.0675 .011 .026 WMCC=.1045
15 L – 20 L	E. Share P. Share L T Debt	.5 .1 .4	.155 .11 .065	.0775 .011 .026 WMCC=.1145
20 L & above	E. Share P. Share L T Debt	.5 .1 .4	.155 .11 .07	.0775 .011 .028 WMCC=.1165

Links to Financial Management notes: -

Time Value of Money

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/06/time-value-of-money-formulae-financial.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/06/time-value-of-money-part-i-solved.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/06/time-value-of-money-part-2-solved.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/06/time-value-of-money-part-3-solved.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/05/time-value-of-money-i-financial.html

Leverage Analysis

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/08/financial-management-notes-leverage.html

Cost of Capital

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/08/cost-of-capital-solved-problems.html

EBIT – EPS Analysis

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/08/ebit-eps-analysis-financial-break-even.html

Capital Structure Analysis

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2022/02/capital-structure-theories-solved.html

Planning & Designing of Capital Structure

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2022/03/planning-designing-of-capital-structure.html

Estimation of Cash Flow in Capital Budgeting

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/06/part-1-estimation-of-cash-flow-in.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/06/part-2-estimation-of-cash-flow-in.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/06/part-3-estimation-of-cash-flow-in.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2022/03/estimation-of-cash-flow-in-capital.html

Techniques of Capital Budgeting

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/05/techniques-of-capital-budgeting.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/05/capital-budgeting-i-httprblacademycom.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/05/financial-management-capital-budgeting.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/06/techniques-of-capital-budgeting-solved_2.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/06/techniques-of-capital-budgeting-solved_14.html

https://rblacademy.blogspot.com/2021/06/techniques-of-capital-budgeting-solved.html